From pages 347 - 349 of Trail Guide
Tibia - Larger of the two lower leg bones.
The tibia, also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula), and it connects the knee with the ankle bones. The tibia is found next to the fibula on the medial side of the leg, closer to centre-line. The tibia is connected to the fibula by an interosseous membrane, forming a type of joint called a syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the Greek aulos flute, also known as a tibia. It is commonly recognized as the strongest weightbearing bone of the body.
Fibia - The smaller of the two lower leg bones.
The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the slenderest of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle joint.
Tom can find his tibia quite easily. The bony part of the shin is the shaft of the tibia. The fibia is more difficult to find. Most easily find the fibia by finding the lateral side of the ankle. The lateral side of the ankle is bottom of the fibia. This is called the lateral malleolus. The medial side of the ankle is the bottom of the tibia and is called the medial malleolus.
The word malleolus is latin for "small hammer" and is the bony prominence on each side of the ankle. The English word mallet comes from this latin root.
Patella - also known as the knee cap.
The patella, also known as the kneecap or kneepan, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella appears in the majority of vertebrates with a femur, for example mice, cats, and birds, but not whales or most reptiles and amphibians such as snakes or frogs.
The front of the patella resembles an inverted triangle, pointier at the bottom and flatter at the top.
BONES OF THE KNEE, LEG AND FOOT
BONE: Femur - Condyles of the femur form the top of the knee
JOINT: Tibiofemoral joint - between the femur and the tibia. Also known as the knee joint.
BONE: Tibia (see above) -
JOINT: Proximal tibiofibular joint. The upper joint between the tibia and fibula.
BONE: Fibia
JOINT: Distal tibiofibular joint. Also known as inferior tibiofiular joint. - The lower joint between the tibia and fibular. It is not quite at the end of the fibia. Past the distal tibiofibular joint is the lateral malleolus.
JOINT: Talocrural joint - Joint between the tibia and the ankle. This is a hinge joint.
BONE: Ankle. The ankle is a collection of bones known as the talocrural region.
The ankle, or talocrural region, is the region where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the Inferior tibiofibular joint. The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.
The main bones of the ankle region are the talus (in the foot), and the tibia and fibula (in the leg). The talus is also called the ankle bone. The talocrural joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than that between the smaller fibula and the talus.
MORE BONES:
BONE: Calcaneus - The heel bone.
BONE: Talus - The ankle bone. Superior to the calcaneus.
UNLISTED JOINT: The calcaneus and the talus appear to connect with a hinge joint though this hinge joint likely has very limited movement.
Tarsal bones: There are five tarsal bones. But they do not not correspond to the five metatarsals.
The five tarsal bones are the cuboid, the navicular, and the three cuneiforms.
The cuboid connects the calcaneus to the number four and five metatarsals.
The navicular connects the talus to the three cuneiform bones. Each of the three cuneiform bones connect to metatarsal numbers one two three.
JOINTS: At the posterior end of each metatarsal is a tarsometatarsal joint (between the tarsals and the metatarsals)
JOINTS: The anterior end of the metatarsals have the metatarsophalangeal joints. (between the metatarsal and the phalanges)
JOINTS: At the posterior end of the metatarsals and between the metatarsals are the intermetatarsal joints. If there are five metatarsals there are only four intermetatarsal joints.
Bones: After each of the metatarsals are phalanges. There is an interphalangeal joint between each pair of phalanges. Toe number one has two phalanges. Each of the other toes have three phalanges.
LANDMARK: Lateral and medial condyles of the tibia
The large bony knobby area at the top of the tibia is made up of the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia.
LANDMARK: Medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles - On the top surface of the tibial condyles are two protuberances called the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles.
BONE:
Fibula - Smaller bone of the lower leg. The fibula is lateral to the tibia.
Head of the fibula - The proximal end of the fibula is the head of the fibula. It is larger than the distal end of the fibia which is called the lateral malleolus. The head of the fibula is posterior, lateral and slightly below the lateral tibial condyle.
Tibial tuberosity - Small protuberance on the anterior side of the tibia between the tibial condyles.
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